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I'm not a "DI expert" with a decade of experience or anything like that. In fact no human has over 5-7 years experience in DI. Because that's how old this business is.

DI is 'in'

Anyone who's in the film business sooner or later pop in the magic two letter word - DI. Almost everyone seems to be doing DI for the past 2-3 years now.

So what exactly is DI? To get you up to speed on this new process that's supposed to change our lives, I've tried to put together a coherent explanation. From my experiences, from observations, and reading.

If you've been waiting with baited breath to know about this new DI thing, then it's time to breathe now. Read on.

A 'standard definition'

The basic definition first. DI stands for Digital Intermediate. It is a process, not an art or a science. Its that part in a film's production that needs to be done after editing and before printing. It's an intermediate stage.

To explain this slightly better, DI is the process of taking an edited film, in the form of an EDL or a cut list, scanning the OK shots at a very high resolution, working on the shots one at a time, fixing the colours to make the film look interesting, maybe doing effects and blending CG with "normal" footage, and finally making out a negative from which the producer can make multiple prints to show in theatres. This negative that comes out is an "intermediate" and it's done digitally, so the process is called "digital intermediate".

Actually DI replaces a traditional process followed for almost 6 decades.

A process that was done optically on a system called a colour analyzer.
With DI, ts possible to do the same thing digitally.

Isn't this the same as "reverse telecine"?

Yes and no.

A lot of people confuse these two processes. Here in India many ad film production persons are used to taking TV commercials on a DigiBeta tape and doing a "reverse telecine" to film for theatrical release. So much so that I've actually met people who believe all films are made this way!! So if that is reverse telecine then DI is not reverse telecine.

OK let's go over this a bit slowly. Telecine is the process of converting cinema (film) to television (video). By video one means video at PAL resolution. By that definition reverse would mean converting television (video) to cinema (film). Again at PAL resolution. That's not DI.

Digital Intermediate also does both these processes, but works at a much higher resolution - at least '2k'. Let's assume the resolution of film is 2k. In a conventional telecine process, one frame on 35 mm film which is 2048x1556 pixels is converted to 720x576 pixels (about 1/8th the size) and put on to a tape. If, later this picture, is reverse telecine'd from tape to film you have a situation where a small 720x576 picture is blown up to 2048x1556 (eight times the size).

When doing DI, the film is scanned at 2048x1556 pixels into digital file. One file for each frame. After that point all the systems in the DI chain work on these files but they leave them at 2048x1556. Finally after all the action is over the recorder also takes these 2048x1556 files and records them out to film. So the original resolution is preserved.

Try this ... Take a 3 megapixel camera. Shoot a picture. Open it in PhotoShop. Scale it down to 720x576 and save it.

Now open the small 720x576 picture in Photoshop and scale it up to 2048x1556. And compare it with the original

You'll know what reverse telecine does to your picture.

But is film '2k' or more? This is hotly debated with some saying 2k is 'enough' while others saying '4k is necessary to capture the full resolution and some even hold that at least 8k is needed.

What happened before DI?

Just what happened before this new DI business was invented. I mean, weren't films made for over a century? Did Chaplin or Hitchcock do DI, or K. Asif and Satyajit Ray and Benegal? And does DI make films better?

Long long before the DI process was refined to where it's at today, films were shot as they have always been, edited as they have always been and finally graded optically on a "grading table" shot by shot. Even now and for the forseeable future, some films will still be made this way.

Nothing wrong with the process, you can make great movies even without DI. DI just gives you more creative control over the final product and can expand the possibilities of story-telling.

Enuff of the theory and history. On to the process. Some of this is pretty basic. So feel free to fast-forward. Don't go very fast though. This is a short page. This explanations are rather simplistic and leaves out the nitties gritties. So if you're a techie whose been this way before, you'll find yourself saying "Yeah right, but what about ....?

In the times before DI, the process of grading a film didn't have a fancy name like Digital Intermediates or a short form like "D I".
But if you just want to have a name for what was before DI, then it is OI - Optical Intermediates.

Putting the film together

First the film is shot and processed. All five to seven hundred rolls of 35 mm negative. After these rolls are processed, they are telecined. Meaning converted to video.

In this telecine process, the telecine machine "reads" the "keycode" printed at the side of the film (between the sprocket holes) and makes out a table of keycodes vs. timecode. This is saved as a "log file" so the editing system can keep a track of keycodes which we're going to need later. 

These "telecine'd" video rushes are captured into an Avid Film Composer or a Final Cut Pro system. The sound is also similarly transferred - it may be on DAT tapes or Nagra spools or hard disk recorders.

In this film edit system, picture and sound are cut together in a creative way and the film story is assembled. You could say this is the second time the film is "directed".

After the edit is done, an EDL (edit decision list), cut list, and pull list are made. These are human readable lists of numbers in a tabular format. They descibe the edit numerically.

This is a fast forward explanation about a non-trivial occupation called feature film editing. A form of mediation that permits one to deny hunger and sleep.

Before doing DI...

After the edit, comes an intermediate stage before the final print of the film is made. Conventionally this intermediate stage was done manually and optically.

Since about 2001, computers and storage reached that point in their evolution where it became possible to do this "intermediate" process "digitally". Hence, "digital intermediates" which is the point of this whole web page. And I'm really repeating this too often now.

But before you can start with the first stages of the DI process, you need to prepare the material you're going to DI. EDLs, relerence dumps, printouts etc. need to be done

More details on the preparatory work needed before DI on my DI - preparation page.

Scanning

The EDL made by the edit system - Avid or FCP or whatever - system contains numbers which tell the scanning system where the used shots are located. This scanning system then scans the film at "2k" and turns each film frame into a digital file - 2048x1556 pixels (12 Mb per frame, 1000 Gb/hour). Or '4k' meaning 4096x3112 (50 Mb per frame, 4000 Gb/hour).

Scanning is done either on a scanner or a datacine. Scanners work rather slowly - from 1-4 sec per frame, while datacines work fast 12-24 frames per sec even more.

Then there further complications - how do you conform the scans to the EDL? Scanning file formats, log and lin, 10 bit and 16 bit ... more on scanning on my scanning page.

I know, I know. An EDL contains timecodes but film has no time code, only keycode. So how?

More on this in page on scanning and conforming.

Conform

After all the shots are scanned, they lie on a rather large hard disk. Then a "conform" system conforms them. This conform system is a computer that reads an EDL, and looks for the necessary shots on the hard disk, and then builds a timeline. Just like doing a normal "online" or upgrade.

After conform, you have your whole film in the form of a timeline at full film resolution - 2k. All through the grading process, it is necessary to ensure the "digital negative" is in sync with the original edit. The conform system can do side by side comparisons and ensure this.

But most conform systems are rather primitive editing systems as most real editors find out to their dismay when they get involved in DI.

The nitties and gritties on the conform process at a DI - conform page.

Most DI systems manufacturers trivialize this conform process. Because their system cannot do it cleanly and with "zero" errors.

Make no mistake about this. No matter how well your film is graded it still has to be an exact clone of the offline. And this is something you find out when you make a married print. If the conform system is not "zero error" the sound will not be in sync.

Then try figuring out with your producer exactly who pays for the print.

Grading

The conformed timeline is opened on a grading system. Sometimes it is the conform system that does the grading as well. And sometimes there's a dedicated conform system.

Either way, on the grading system it is possible to adjust colours of the film on a shot by shot basis. It is even possible to change colours of just one part of the image.

You can give any scene or shot a completely different feel than was originally shot. Or just enhance the feel that cinematographer designed through his lighting. If editing is the second time the film is directed, then grading is the second time a film is filmed.

Grading systems work similar to the grading consoles one is familiar with, in telecine suites. Primaries and secondaries, control surface, masks, and other details on my DI - grading page.

Calibration and Colour Management

While grading, one is looking at the picture on a display - a monitor or a projector. It's a digital representation of the original negative. A digital negative. What is needed is a system that ensures that the picture that one sees on the display is exactly what is printed on the negative. This is the Colour Management System or CMS.

And then there's calibration. Different displays behave differently even the same display behaves differently over time. Calibration ensures that the display shows the same picture through the course of its life. And one or more displays in the same facility show the exact same picture.

Calibration and colour management is done in more detail on my DI - CMS page

This is a really serious aspect of the DI process one that has made many a DOP and director nervous. How do you know what it's really going to look when it goes out to film?

And that's where a colour management system comes in.

VFX, 3D, other elements

Many films have effects of some kind. From simple dissolves and wipes to complex composites of live action and computer generated imagery - CGI. What is commonly referred to as "opticals"

Putting together a fim negative with a computer generated image is no trivial task. Both are completely different mediums and respond differently to manipulation. Fortunately, if one finishes a film as a digital intermediate, then the entire film exists digitally. Integrating this digital negative with digital images made by a computer is relatively manageable.

Printing to film - recording

After all the grading magic and the conform magic, the film has finally to make its way back on to a 35 mm roll of plastic. So that people can buy tickets and watch it in a theatre.

Film recorders take a "digital negative" from a hard disk and record it back to a 35 mm film. Different technologies are used for this - lasers, LCDs, CRTs. But the common thing is that film recorders are slow. Recorders are rather slow - 1-4 sec per frame. One day per 2000 ft reel.

More on recording on my DI - record page

This page on DI basics is written from my own personal experiences in working in it as well as that of others. These things change all the time so maybe something I've written no longer holds true. I update this page as often as I can but if you find something that's horribly wrong, do please let me know.

If there's something that you didn't quite understand, or if you'd like to see something on this page, or if you want to be informed when this page changes, or even if you want to just say thanks to me, do mail me.
And please write you address. I don't answer anonymous mails.

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